2026 Which Employers Hire Screenwriting Degree Graduates? Industries, Roles, and Hiring Patterns

Imed Bouchrika, PhD

by Imed Bouchrika, PhD

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

Determining which employers hire screenwriting degree graduates poses a significant challenge for students and career changers aiming to enter the creative industries. With 42% of screenwriting graduates finding roles in media production companies-ranging from studios and independent producers to digital content firms-the choice of industry and organizational type critically impacts job prospects. Hiring patterns show a preference for candidates with storytelling and script development skills in entertainment hubs such as Los Angeles and New York City, but opportunities also exist in advertising, gaming, and education sectors. This article examines these industries, job roles, and recruitment trends to equip readers with a practical framework for career planning.

Key Things to Know About the Employers That Hire Screenwriting Degree Graduates

  • Screenwriting graduates primarily find employment in entertainment industries-film, television, digital media-and increasingly in interactive media sectors like video games and streaming platforms.
  • Common roles include scriptwriters, content developers, and story editors, with mid-career shifts toward producing and creative leadership positions observed in industry data.
  • Hiring patterns favor geographic hubs such as Los Angeles and New York, with entry-level opportunities often secured through internships and networking within competitive markets.

         

Which Industries Hire the Most Screenwriting Degree Graduates?

Top hiring sectors for screenwriting graduates in entertainment and media reveal where academic preparation meets demand across the broader employment landscape. Drawing on data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), and LinkedIn Workforce Insights, several industries consistently employ the largest share of graduates holding screenwriting degrees. This foundation helps align study paths with real-world career opportunities by highlighting roles where screenwriting is either a core operational requirement or a valued support skill.

  • Motion Picture and Video Production: The premier employer sector, where screenwriting is central to creating original scripts, adaptations, and screenplay revisions for films, streaming platforms, and related media. Positions include staff screenwriters, development executives, and script coordinators involved in essential creative processes.
  • Broadcasting (Television and Radio): This sector hires graduates to develop scripted content like series, commercials, and specials. While scriptwriting drives primary production tasks, roles sometimes extend to promotional scripts and talk show writing, reflecting a core operational function.
  • Performing Arts Companies: Theaters and live performance groups demand screenwriting graduates for playwriting and script development. Though more specialized, these functions remain critical for delivering compelling live narratives and dialogues.
  • Video Game Development: A rapidly expanding industry where screenwriting serves as a creative support role focused on storytelling, dialogue, and narrative design, integral to interactive entertainment production.
  • Advertising and Public Relations: Agencies leverage screenwriting skills to craft engaging commercials and branded content. Here, screenwriting acts predominantly as a support function enhancing marketing storytelling.
  • Publishing: Smaller in volume, publishing houses and multimedia producers employ graduates for adapting works and designing interactive narratives, presenting screenwriting as a specialized editorial support role.
  • Education and Training Services: Screenwriting graduates find opportunities scripting instructional videos and e-learning content, underscoring their value in educational communication and engagement.

The distribution of screenwriting graduates varies by degree level-associate, bachelor's, or graduate-and field specialization such as film writing, television dramaturgy, or interactive narrative design. Understanding this industry breakdown helps inform choices regarding internship targeting, geographic strategies, and long-term career planning.

Those considering career advancement may also explore online certificates in related fields to complement screenwriting skills, enhancing employability in diverse market sectors.

Which industries hire the most screenwriting degree graduates in the United States offers a crucial lens for aligning academic paths with employment realities, helping students and professionals navigate evolving opportunities in arts, entertainment, and media sectors.

Table of contents

What Entry-Level Roles Do Screenwriting Degree Graduates Typically Fill?

Content Development: Entry-level screenwriting jobs in the United States often begin with supporting narrative creation-drafting and revising scripts, treatments, or story outlines. Graduates typically serve as junior writers or assistant story editors, reporting to senior writers or creative leads. Core competencies include storytelling craft, dramatic structure, and character development, plus adaptability to film, television, and digital media formats. These skills help recent screenwriting graduates align their work with project goals.

  • Core responsibilities: drafting and revising scripts, collaborating with creative teams, researching story elements
  • Typical reporting: reports to senior writers, showrunners, or creative leads
  • Screenwriting competencies: narrative construction, genre awareness, adaptability to different media platforms

Production Coordination: Screenwriting graduates often fill coordinator or assistant producer roles managing script revisions and ensuring clear communication between writers and production staff. Knowledge of screenplay formatting and story pacing is crucial here to maintain continuity during filming or recording. These roles typically report to producers or production managers and require strong organizational and interpersonal skills.

  • Core responsibilities: managing script revisions, scheduling writer meetings, liaising between writers and production teams
  • Typical reporting: reports to producers or production managers
  • Screenwriting competencies: script formatting expertise, narrative timing awareness, interpersonal communication

Editorial and Script Analysis: Entry-level script readers or analysts evaluate submitted scripts for quality and market potential, preparing coverage reports for development executives or acquisitions teams. This demands critical reading skills, story mechanics knowledge, and precise, constructive feedback-making graduates competitive in agencies, studios, and production companies.

  • Core responsibilities: evaluating scripts, preparing coverage reports, recommending project viability
  • Typical reporting: reports to development executives or acquisitions teams
  • Screenwriting competencies: critical analysis, detailed knowledge of genre conventions, ability to articulate constructive feedback

Marketing and Media Roles: Screenwriting skills also lead to content coordinator or copywriting positions within marketing departments, crafting promotional materials and managing social media storytelling. Understanding story arcs helps graduates create compelling brand narratives, typically reporting to marketing managers or communications directors.

  • Core responsibilities: writing promotional content, managing social media narratives, collaborating with marketing teams
  • Typical reporting: reports to marketing managers or communications directors
  • Screenwriting competencies: persuasive writing, audience engagement strategies, creativity in messaging

Industry Variation: Job titles and roles vary significantly by sector-nonprofits may hire graduates as project coordinators using storytelling for advocacy, financial firms as communications analysts, or consulting agencies as associate consultants focusing on content strategy. Aligning internship experience and portfolio focus with intended roles improves hiring prospects early in a screenwriting career. Those exploring post-graduate education might also consider LPC online programs to complement their storytelling expertise.

What Are the Highest-Paying Employer Types for Screenwriting Degree Graduates?

  • Entertainment and Media Companies: Film studios, streaming platforms, and major television networks rank highest in starting pay for screenwriting graduates. These privately owned entities benefit from strong revenue streams, enabling them to offer competitive base salaries supplemented by bonuses and profit-sharing tied directly to project success.
  • Technology Firms: Venture-backed tech organizations involved in digital content or entertainment software pay well due to high revenue per employee and strategic talent acquisition. Compensation often extends beyond base pay to include equity grants, enhancing long-term earnings.
  • Financial Services Organizations: Though uncommon, large banks and financial institutions hiring creative roles for media or communications tend to provide solid base salaries along with structured bonus systems, reflecting their capacity for investment in talent.
  • Professional Services Consultancies: Firms focusing on media, communications, or content strategy maintain above-average salaries. Their compensation packages frequently incorporate retirement benefits and professional development funds, supported by client billing rates and complex projects.

Government Agencies and Nonprofits: These sectors usually offer lower base salaries due to budget limits and mission-driven priorities. However, they often deliver stable employment, generous benefits, and balanced work-life arrangements.

Variations in pay stem from fundamental business economics-high-margin, scalable-revenue organizations allocate larger budgets to creative talent, while entities with tighter funding rely on non-monetary benefits. Total compensation includes base salary plus bonuses, equity, retirement plans, health coverage, and professional stipends. Some employers with modest base pay may offer richer overall packages via stock options or career progression.

One professional who earned a screenwriting degree shared how navigating this landscape felt daunting. Early on, he faced uncertainty balancing passion projects and commercial work to build a portfolio. "It was less about immediate paychecks and more about choosing roles that offered growth," he explained. He emphasized the emotional strain of rejecting high-paying offers that lacked mentorship or career pathways, ultimately prioritizing environments fostering skill development and job security. This strategic patience, he noted, shaped a more sustainable financial outlook over time.

Do Large Corporations or Small Businesses Hire More Screenwriting Degree Graduates?

Data from the U.S. Census Bureau's Statistics of U.S. Businesses and the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages reveal that graduates with a Screenwriting degree find job opportunities across various employer sizes, with a stronger presence in smaller and mid-sized firms than in Fortune 500 companies. National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) surveys highlight startups, boutique production companies, and nonprofit arts organizations as significant employers of new Screenwriting professionals, compared to large media conglomerates.

  • Large Corporations: These organizations offer structured hiring practices, comprehensive onboarding, and formal training-advantages for early-career writers seeking clear advancement paths and recognizable brands on their resumes. Roles often focus on specialized areas like franchise development or corporate media, demanding collaboration within complex hierarchies.
  • Mid-Market Companies: Bridging stability with flexibility, these employers provide Screenwriting graduates with a mix of creative and project management tasks, appealing to those desiring variety alongside some structure.
  • Small Businesses and Startups: Known for broader responsibilities and quicker promotion chances, these environments encourage cross-functional skill-building. Agile firms align well with independent film, experimental media, or digital content creation subfields.
  • Nonprofits and Arts Organizations: Though smaller, these employers attract graduates interested in educational media, cultural storytelling, and community-focused work-prioritizing mission and creative freedom over hierarchical growth.

Career goals and learning preferences influence the choice of employer size for Screenwriting graduates. Large companies bring stability and formal advancement; smaller firms offer diverse experience and agility. Evaluating employer size alongside sector, mission, and location forms a comprehensive approach to finding the best fit for growth and ambition.

How Do Government and Public Sector Agencies Hire Screenwriting Degree Graduates?

Government employers at federal, state, and local levels provide varied roles for screenwriting degree graduates, mainly within communications, cultural initiatives, education, and media production. Agencies like the Smithsonian Institution, the Library of Congress, public media outlets affiliated with NPR, and education departments commonly recruit writers to create educational content, public service announcements, and scripts for training or outreach projects.

The federal hiring landscape operates under the General Schedule (GS) classification, which assigns pay grades and responsibilities based on education and experience. A bachelor's or master's degree in screenwriting or related fields influences initial GS placement, impacting salary and role scope. Certain positions may also require security clearances, especially when handling sensitive information. Public sector positions fall under either competitive service-with standardized, merit-based hiring exams-or excepted service, which streamlines recruitment for specialized cultural or media roles.

  • Stability and Benefits: Government jobs often provide greater job security, comprehensive healthcare, and defined-benefit pensions, offering long-term financial stability.
  • Advancement: Career growth follows a structured timeline aligned with GS levels, which can mean steady but slower promotions compared to private sector opportunities.
  • Key Agencies: Important employers include the Department of Education, National Endowment for the Arts, National Park Service, and federal public broadcast entities.
  • Entry Programs: Initiatives such as the Pathways Internship Program and Corporation for Public Broadcasting fellowships create pathways for emerging screenwriting professionals.
  • Geographic Focus: Washington, D.C. hubs lead, though many state and local agencies seek screenwriters for community-centered cultural projects.

A professional who established her career after graduating with a screenwriting degree described the government hiring process as "a complex but rewarding journey." She recalled the challenges of navigating detailed application requirements and competitive examinations that demand patience and persistence. Nevertheless, she emphasized that understanding the GS system and leveraging internship opportunities solidified her confidence. "The clear structure helped me plan my growth realistically," she said, noting that public service work offered a meaningful way to apply her storytelling skills beyond commercial environments. Her reflections highlight how thoughtful preparation and adaptability are crucial to succeeding in public sector screenwriting roles.

What Roles Do Screenwriting Graduates Fill in Nonprofit and Mission-Driven Organizations?

Graduates with screenwriting degrees often find meaningful employment within nonprofit and mission-driven organizations-places where storytelling skills support social causes rather than commercial entertainment. Workforce data from the National Council of Nonprofits and the Bureau of Labor Statistics highlight key program areas such as education, advocacy, public health, and the arts, where graduates contribute by creating compelling narratives that enhance donor relations, public engagement, and awareness efforts.

  • Functional Roles: Common positions include program and communications specialists who craft grant proposals, develop video scripts, and produce campaign content aligned with organizational goals.
  • Education and Outreach: Many nonprofits employ graduates to design curriculum, lead workshops, or develop storytelling initiatives that engage diverse communities and amplify underrepresented voices.
  • Development and Fundraising: Graduates leverage narrative techniques to write donor communications, create emotional appeals, and build trustful organizational stories that support fundraising efforts.
  • Organizational Variety: Opportunities span cultural institutions, environmental groups, health organizations, and human rights nonprofits where their storytelling directly advances mission-driven communication strategies.

Compared to private sector roles, nonprofit positions often demand greater versatility-early-career professionals may juggle content creation, digital marketing, and event scripting simultaneously. This cross-functional approach accelerates skill acquisition but usually comes with lower compensation reflecting nonprofit budget limits.

  • Compensation and Benefits: Starting salaries tend to be modest, yet benefits like eligibility for Public Service Loan Forgiveness programs can provide crucial long-term financial relief.
  • Organizational Culture: Mission-centered workplaces prioritize collaboration and shared values, appealing to those driven by purpose rather than profit-an ethos that contrasts with commercial media firms.

A growing employment segment for screenwriting graduates includes mission-driven for-profit entities such as benefit corporations, social enterprises, certified B Corporations, and impact startups. These workplaces combine commercial practices with social missions, often offering more competitive salaries while preserving meaningful storytelling roles.

  • Emerging Employers: These companies present opportunities where narrative skills help foster brand authenticity, articulate social impact, and support responsible marketing.
  • Practical Considerations: Graduates pursuing mission-driven careers should weigh salary expectations, organizational culture fit, and personal fulfillment carefully for well-rounded career decision-making.

How Does the Healthcare Sector Employ Screenwriting Degree Graduates?

Graduates with a screenwriting degree find valuable employment opportunities within the healthcare sector by applying their skills in narrative development, communications, and data interpretation. While most clinical roles require additional credentials, healthcare organizations seek screenwriting graduates for roles that support patient education, public health outreach, and internal communications.

  • Types of Healthcare Organizations: Screenwriting graduates work in hospital systems crafting patient outreach and training content; insurance carriers developing clear policy explanations and marketing materials; pharmaceutical companies designing drug information campaigns; public health agencies creating awareness programs on disease prevention; and health tech startups producing user interface content and instructional design.
  • Functional Roles: Typical positions include communications specialists, content strategists, policy researchers, and health education coordinators. Graduates with expertise in data analysis and behavioral science can also engage in healthcare operations management and program evaluation, leveraging interdisciplinary skills.
  • Competency Intersections: The synergy between screenwriting skills and healthcare includes storytelling for complex medical topics, simplifying regulatory language, and designing persuasive health campaigns. Competencies in audience analysis, critical research, and data presentation enable effective health communication and behavioral interventions.
  • Regulatory and Credentialing Considerations: Many healthcare roles demand knowledge of HIPAA compliance, medical terminology, and healthcare legal frameworks. Additional certification or training may be required, especially for positions involving patient data management or clinical trials.
  • Employment Stability and Growth: Healthcare is recognized for economic resilience, offering stable career paths for screenwriting graduates. Sub-sectors such as health tech startups and public health agencies experience rapid expansion, creating promising opportunities for those with digital literacy and innovative communication skills.

Which Technology Companies and Sectors Hire Screenwriting Degree Graduates?

Technology companies increasingly seek screenwriting degree graduates to enhance storytelling and content creation-key components of user experience design, marketing, and product development. This demand appears not only in tech-core firms but also within technology functions in traditional industries undergoing digital transformation. Such roles highlight critical distinctions in employment: working at a technology company where screenwriting supports tech products versus contributing to the technology division of non-tech companies focused on digital adoption.

  • Tech-Core Companies: These firms apply screenwriting skills in areas like product marketing-crafting narratives around software updates-and content development for AI and virtual reality, including scripted dialogues and immersive storylines. Collaboration with research and UX teams often involves scripting user scenarios to improve product usability.
  • Technology Functions Within Non-Tech Firms: Screenwriting graduates fill roles in IT, digital transformation, or innovation units by developing engaging internal communications, operational storytelling, and marketing campaigns that link technology with brand messaging.
  • Emerging Technology Subsectors: Sectors such as health tech, fintech, edtech, and climate tech show accelerated hiring trends for screenwriting competencies. These areas utilize narrative-driven patient education, financial product explainers, interactive e-learning stories, and sustainability communication.
  • Hiring Patterns and Skill Priorities: The tech industry's move toward skills-based hiring and remote-first models expands opportunities for screenwriting graduates without formal technical degrees. Building a diverse portfolio that integrates storycraft with digital media and UX, demonstrating teamwork with engineers and marketers, and gaining technical literacy in multimedia tools enhance employability.

Understanding which technology companies hire screenwriting degree graduates in the United States is vital for career planning. Positions span entry-level to mid-career roles across product, operations, marketing, and specialized technical functions. Those exploring pathways in this field should consider strategic internship targeting and specialization to align with labor market demand.

Students and professionals may also benefit from exploring complementary credentials-such as bookkeeping certification online-to strengthen their digital and operational skill sets in technology-adjacent roles. This comprehensive approach helps navigate the tech industry sectors recruiting screenwriting graduates for creative roles effectively.

What Mid-Career Roles Do Screenwriting Graduates Commonly Advance Into?

Mid-career screenwriting job titles and responsibilities-usually reached between five and ten years into a career-blend creative leadership, project management, and expert knowledge. According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, LinkedIn career progression analytics, and NACE alumni outcome reports, many screenwriting graduates move from entry-level writing and production positions into more strategic roles aligned with storytelling and organizational goals.

  • Creative Leadership: Screenwriters often advance into senior screenwriter, story editor, or creative producer roles, requiring refined narrative skills and the capacity to direct writing teams or contribute to broad creative strategies.
  • Functional Management: Graduates employed in large studios or media firms frequently transition to script supervisor, development executive, or content manager positions, where responsibilities extend to budgeting, scheduling, and coordinating personnel.
  • Specialization Paths: Many mid-career professionals deepen expertise in specific genres like comedy, drama, or documentary, or pivot toward fields such as video game narrative design, advertising copywriting, or digital content creation-reflecting the dynamic employment ecosystem.
  • Credential Enhancement: Advancing beyond entry-level roles typically involves investing in advanced degrees, workshops, and certifications-especially in screenwriting software and producing-which improve prospects for leadership positions.
  • Industry and Employer Variation: Career trajectories diverge based on the initial work setting. Screenwriting graduates starting at large corporations often follow defined promotional ladders, while those in startups or small businesses navigate more lateral moves, necessitating strategic skill development and networking.
  • Competency Focus: Beyond storytelling ability, success in mid-career roles depends increasingly on collaboration, negotiation, and understanding production workflows.

Understanding these career advancement roles for screenwriting graduates helps inform specialization choices and job targeting. For those considering graduate education, exploring accredited speech language pathology programs may provide parallel insights into structuring professional growth through credential enhancement.

How Do Hiring Patterns for Screenwriting Graduates Differ by Geographic Region?

Major metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles, New York City, and Atlanta lead the country in hiring volume for screenwriting degree graduates, fueled by dense media industries that include studios, streaming services, and creative firms. These hubs offer a broad array of entry-level and mid-career positions supported by competitive salaries driven by high demand and elevated living costs.

Mid-sized cities like Austin, Nashville, and Portland present expanding but smaller markets where creative clusters and university-affiliated research centers foster new media innovation. While overall demand is lower compared to the largest metros, compensation remains attractive relative to local living expenses. In contrast, rural and smaller communities often lack dense employment networks for screenwriting graduates; here, certificate programs or bootcamps may offer quicker access to jobs at local studios, nonprofits, or cultural agencies valuing hands-on skills over formal degrees.

The rise of remote and hybrid employment since 2020 has broadened access to high-paying screenwriting roles across the U.S., particularly benefiting graduates in lower-cost regions. However, this shift also intensifies nationwide competition for these positions, emphasizing the importance of strong portfolios and networking to stand out. According to Lightcast, remote screenwriting job postings have surged 25% year-over-year, reflecting this growing trend.

  • Metropolitan Concentration: Los Angeles, New York, and Atlanta dominate due to major content ecosystems and anchor industries.
  • Regional Opportunity: Cities like Austin and Portland feature smaller but growing employment clusters tied to innovation hubs and universities.
  • Remote Impact: Remote work increases access across geographies while escalating competition for desirable roles.
  • Career Strategy: Flexible graduates benefit from relocating to high-density markets for faster job placement and higher pay.
  • Local Hiring: Candidates with geographic constraints should target local employers linked to university or industry clusters aligned with their credentials.

What Role Does Internship Experience Play in How Employers Hire Screenwriting Graduates?

Employers consistently favor screenwriting graduates who have completed internships, as evidence shows these experiences greatly improve job offer rates, starting salaries, and time-to-employment. Data from the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) Internship and Co-op Survey reveal that graduates with relevant internships have as much as a 30% higher likelihood of securing positions shortly after graduation. University career services also report that internships act as practical proxies for skills and industry readiness employers seek.

  • Internship Impact: Completing a screenwriting internship not only accelerates initial hiring but also boosts earning potential at the entry-level.
  • Experience Quality: Internships with prestigious organizations amplify a graduate's credentials-signaling both career focus and cultural alignment that enhance long-term employability.
  • Access Challenges: Financial constraints, limited institutional networks, and geographic barriers often restrict certain students-especially those from lower-income backgrounds-from accessing unpaid or high-profile internships.
  • Structural Solutions: Virtual internships, cooperative education models, and diversity-focused recruiting initiatives help widen participation and mitigate inequality.
  • Strategic Guidance: Screenwriting students should begin internship applications at least a semester ahead of desired start dates, prioritize organizations aligned with their career aims, and actively utilize university career centers, alumni relationships, and faculty contacts to improve placement outcomes.

Recent industry trends reflect a growing adoption of remote internships in screenwriting-making opportunities more accessible nationwide and offering critical alternatives to traditional, in-person experiences.

What Graduates Say About the Employers That Hire Screenwriting Degree Graduates

  • Raphael: "Graduating with a screenwriting degree opened doors to a vibrant range of industries-primarily film, television, and digital media companies eager to invest in fresh storytelling talent. I found that larger studios and independent production houses often seek writers who can bring versatility and originality to various roles, including script consultants and story developers. Interestingly, the hiring patterns suggest a strong demand in major hubs like Los Angeles and New York, highlighting the geographic concentration of opportunities."
  • Russell: "Reflecting on my journey, employers in the screenwriting field are quite strategic-they tend to favor candidates who understand both the creative and business sides of media production. Many of the organizations hiring graduates are not just studios but also marketing agencies and content platforms, expanding the scope of roles available beyond traditional scriptwriting. It was clear that the East Coast and international markets have a growing appetite for diverse narratives, which shaped my career path significantly."
  • Theo: "From a professional standpoint, screenwriting graduates typically find themselves employed by a mix of nonprofit arts organizations, film festivals, and commercial entertainment companies that value strong narrative voices. The roles often extend to script editors and creative producers, signaling a demand for multi-talented storytellers. I've also noticed evolving hiring patterns-companies in emerging media hubs outside the usual cities are increasingly recruiting graduates, which broadens the landscape for new talent."

Other Things You Should Know About Screenwriting Degrees

How do graduate degree holders in screenwriting fare in hiring compared to bachelor's graduates?

Graduate degree holders in screenwriting often have a competitive edge in hiring because of their advanced storytelling skills and deeper understanding of narrative techniques. Employers tend to value the specialized training and research experience that master's or doctoral graduates bring. However, real-world writing samples and networking remain critical-sometimes outweighing degree level in early career stages.

How do employers evaluate portfolios and extracurriculars from screenwriting graduates?

Employers closely examine writing samples as concrete proof of a candidate's skills, prioritizing originality, voice, and format accuracy. Extracurricular activities such as participation in film festivals, writing workshops, and internships signal practical experience and industry engagement. Strong portfolios paired with relevant extracurriculars improve hiring prospects by demonstrating both talent and professional commitment.

What is the job market outlook for screenwriting degree graduates over the next decade?

The job market for screenwriting graduates is projected to grow modestly, driven by expanding digital content platforms and diverse media formats. Demand persists in film, television, streaming services, and increasingly in interactive media like video games. While competition remains intense, graduates who adapt to various storytelling forms and technologies will find more opportunities.

How do diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives affect screenwriting graduate hiring?

Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives have increasingly influenced hiring in screenwriting roles-especially within major studios and media companies. Employers actively seek voices from underrepresented backgrounds to create authentic, varied storytelling. Graduates from diverse demographics or those with stories reflecting different cultures may benefit from targeted recruitment and fellowship programs.

References

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